Work backwards to the likely conception date — and the ±fertile window around it — from a period date, a doctor’s due date, or an ultrasound estimate.
Conception (fertilization) typically occurs within 24 hours of ovulation, about 14 days before the next expected period — day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
No — sperm survive up to 5 days and ovulation timing varies, so results are windows, not certainties. Early ultrasound narrows it to ±3–5 days.
The luteal phase (ovulation to period) is fairly fixed at ~14 days; longer cycles usually mean later ovulation, shifting conception later.