The four pillars of the time value of money in one console: present value, future value, recurring payments, and the growth relationship between them.
The principle that money available now is worth more than the same amount later, because it can earn returns in the meantime.
A stream of equal payments at the end of each period — how most loans, leases, and retirement contributions are structured.
Monthly compounding on a nominal annual rate, matching how savings accounts and most loans actually accrue.